In the late 19th century, the Argentine state launched a military campaign into Patagonia and the Pampas, which were territories inhabited by Indigenous peoples including Mapuche & Tehuelche communities. Thousands were killed, captured or displaced. Indigenous political structures were dismantled, while vast areas of conquered territory were transferred to ranchers & settlers. One of the explicit ambitions of the period was to encourage European settlement & to ‘Europeanise’ Argentina. This leads to an interesting question: Should Argentina return these lands to the Indigenous peoples who inhabited them for many years before the Spanish arrived? It is very different to the Falklands, which had previously been uninhabited.