For decades this area has been kept relatively cool by sulfur emissions from ships. But this changed in 2020.

I was asked to write a plain language summary. Does this help?: The climate models used by the UN climate panel (IPCC) underestimate the changes in our climate observed by NASA satellites over the past 23 years. Over the past 15 years (2010-2014), the Earth has warmed more than twice as fast as during the preceding 40 years (1970-2010). NASA CERES satellites can be used to explain the underlying cause. Due to the melting of ice and snow and a decrease in cloud cover, the Earth reflects less sunlight back into space. This amplifies the (greenhouse gas-induced) warming of the Earth more than expected based on models. Another reason for the discrepancy between observations and models is that the effect of particulate air pollution (aerosols) is likely underestimated. Air pollution also reflects sunlight and enhances cloud formation. The fact that models are not aligned with observations is deeply concerning, as it means we are underestimating the climate impact and the necessary measures. Furthermore, it is essential to secure and expand satellite observations in the future to ensure humanity does not become blind in an increasingly rapidly changing world.