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Exercise 🔹PUSH UPS Noun (usually plural) = An exercise in which you push your body up from the floor using your arms. Pronunciation: /pʊʃ ʌps/ Example sentences: I did twenty push ups this morning. Can you do ten push ups? ✍️Related language: Singular form is rare (“a push up”). Common verb phrase: “do push ups.” 🔹PULL UPS Noun (usually plural) = An exercise in which you pull your body up while hanging from a bar. Pronunciation: /pʊl ʌps/ Example sentences: He can do fifteen pull ups. Pull ups are difficult for beginners. ✍️Related language: Also called “chin-ups” in some contexts. Verb phrase: “do pull ups.” 🔹SIT UPS Noun (usually plural) = An exercise in which you sit up from a lying position using your stomach muscles. Pronunciation: /sɪt ʌps/ Example sentences: She does fifty sit ups every day. Sit ups are a common exercise. ✍️Related language: Verb phrase: “do sit ups.” 🔹STRETCH Verb or noun Meaning: As a verb: to make a part of your body longer or straighter. As a noun: the action of stretching. Pronunciation: /stretʃ/ Example sentences: Please stretch your arms. (verb) I need a good stretch. (noun) ✍️Related language: “Stretching” is the gerund/noun form. Common phrases: “do a stretch,” “stretch out.” 🔹WEIGHTS Noun (plural) = Heavy objects (such as dumbbells) that people lift for exercise. Pronunciation: /weɪts/ Example sentences: He is lifting weights. The gym has many different weights. ✍️Related language: “Weight training” or “lift weights.” Singular: “a weight.” 🔹JUMP ROPE Noun (can also be used as a verb phrase) = A rope that you swing and jump over, or the activity of doing this. Pronunciation: /dʒʌmp roʊp/ Example sentences: I bought a new jump rope. Children like to jump rope. ✍️Related language: In British English, it is often called “skipping rope.” Verb phrase: “jump rope” or “skip rope.” 🔹TREADMILL Noun = A machine with a moving belt that you walk or run on. Pronunciation: /ˈtred.mɪl/ Example sentences: She is running on the treadmill. The treadmill is broken. ✍️Related language: Common phrases: “use the treadmill,” “get on the treadmill.” 🔹SQUATS Noun (usually plural) = An exercise in which you bend your knees and lower your body, then stand up again. Pronunciation: /skwɑːts/ Example sentences: I did thirty squats. Squats are good for the legs. ✍️Related language: Verb phrase: “do squats.” Singular: “a squat.” 🔹EXERCISE Noun or verb Meaning: As a noun: physical activity that you do to stay healthy. As a verb: to do physical activity. Pronunciation: /ˈek.sɚ.saɪz/ Example sentences: Exercise is important. (noun) I exercise every morning. (verb) ✍️Related language: Common phrases: “do exercise,” “get some exercise,” “take exercise.” The plural “exercises” can mean specific types of movements. ✍️Useful Notes✍️ 🔸Many of these words (push ups, pull ups, sit ups, squats) are countable nouns and usually appear in the plural when talking about the activity. 🔸Common verb used with most of them: do (do push ups, do sit ups, do squats). 🔸“Exercise” is the general word that can refer to all of the activities above.

Damaged or Poor Physical Condition of Objects 🔹Stained = Discolored by liquid, dirt, or marks that are hard to remove. (Picture: coffee ring on a white countertop.) Example: “The white shirt is stained with coffee.” ✍️Related: a stain (noun), to stain (verb). Common with clothes, carpets, walls, or tables. 🔹Frayed = Worn so that the threads or fibers come loose and stick out. (Picture: rope or twine starting to unravel.) Example: “The old rope is frayed and might break.” ✍️Often used for fabric, rope, carpets, or electrical cords. 🔹Rusted (or rusty) = Covered with rust (the reddish-brown coating that forms on iron or steel when it gets wet and reacts with air). (Picture: an old padlock.) Example: “The lock is rusted and won’t open.” ✍️Note: “Rusty” is the more common everyday form. Metal tools, bikes, cars, and outdoor equipment often rust. 🔹Cracked = Having a line or break in the surface, but the pieces are still mostly together. (Picture: a glass flask with a star-shaped crack.) Example: “Be careful; the glass is cracked.” ✍️Used for glass, pottery, screens, walls, or ice. Different from “broken” (completely in pieces) or “chipped” (small piece missing). 🔹Water damaged = Harmed by water (warped, stained, swollen, or ruined). (Picture: old books that look wet and warped.) Example: “The books were water damaged in the flood.” ✍️Common with paper, wood, electronics, and furniture. You can also say “water-damaged” (with a hyphen when used before a noun). 🔹Moldy = Covered with mold (a fuzzy fungus that grows in damp places). (Picture: a shoe with greenish mold.) Example: “The bread became moldy after a week.” ✍️Related: mold (noun/verb), mildew (similar but often lighter). Appears on food, clothes, walls, and shoes in humid conditions. Pronunciation tip: “mold-ee.” 🔹Broken = Damaged so that it no longer works or is in pieces/separated. (Picture: eyeglasses with a broken frame/arm.) Example: “My glasses are broken; I need to get them fixed.” ✍️Very general word; can apply to almost anything (toys, machines, bones, hearts in a figurative sense). 🔹Faded = Lost its original bright color because of sunlight, washing, or age. (Picture: a green T-shirt that has become pale.) Example: “The curtains are faded from the sun.” ✍️Common with clothes, photos, paint, and posters. Opposite idea: vibrant or bright. 🔹Stretched = Pulled so that it is longer, looser, or out of its original shape. (Picture: a leather belt that looks expanded.) Example: “These shoes are stretched and too big for me now.” ✍️Used for elastic, leather, fabric, or muscles. Note: “stretched out” is also common. 🔹Corroded = Eaten away or damaged by chemical reaction (often looks crusty or powdery). (Picture: old batteries with white/green crust.) Example: “The batteries are corroded and leaked.” ✍️Similar to rusted but can affect other metals or materials; common with batteries, pipes, and metal parts exposed to chemicals or moisture. 🔹Frayed edge = The edge of fabric or material that has become loose and ragged (threads sticking out). (Picture: a scarf or cloth with messy edges.) Example: “The blanket has a frayed edge.” ✍️This is a more specific use of “frayed.” You can also say “the edges are frayed.” 🔹Flat: (For tires or balls) = Having no air pressure, so it is collapsed. (Picture: a bicycle tire with no air.) Example: “I have a flat tire; I need to pump it up or change it.” ✍️Also used for other things that should be inflated. Different meaning from “flat” as in a level surface or an apartment. ✍️Extra helpful notes✍️ 🔸Many of these words can be used before a noun (“a stained shirt”) or after a linking verb (“The shirt is stained”). 🔸You can often make the verb form: stain → stained, fray → frayed, rust → rusted, crack → cracked, break → broken, fade → faded, stretch → stretched, corrode → corroded. 🔸Related useful words: torn (ripped), dented (pushed in), scratched (surface lines), chipped (small piece missing), worn (used a lot and looking old), damaged (general word for any harm). 🔸Context matters: “flat” for a tire is different from “flat” for soda (no bubbles) or a “flat” apartment. 🔸In conversation, people often add “a bit,” “slightly,” or “badly”: “It’s a bit frayed” or “It’s badly water damaged.” ✍️Practice tip: Look around your home or classroom and try to describe real objects using these words. For example: “My notebook is water damaged,” “The old key is rusted,” “This towel has a frayed edge.”

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American English Measurements These are English measurement units used mainly in the United States. These words are useful for understanding American English, recipes, sports, travel, and daily life in the U.S. 🔷Length Units (how long or far something is) 🔹Inch A small unit of length. There are 12 inches in 1 foot. Example: A smartphone is often about 6 inches long. People use a tool called a caliper (shown in the picture) for precise measurements. Approximate metric: 1 inch ≈ 2.5 centimeters. 🔹Foot (plural: feet) The length of an average adult foot. There are 3 feet in 1 yard. Example: “The table is 4 feet long.” The picture shows a real foot next to a measuring tape. Approximate metric: 1 foot ≈ 30 centimeters. 🔹Yard Three feet long. Often used for fabric, sports fields, and short distances. Example: An American football field is 100 yards long (the picture shows the yard markers). Approximate metric: 1 yard ≈ 0.9 meters. 🔹Mile A long distance: 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet. Example: “I walked 1 mile.” The picture shows a road and a GPS saying “1 traveled.” Approximate metric: 1 mile ≈ 1.6 kilometers. 🔹Length is the general word for how long something is. We measure length with a ruler, measuring tape, or laser tool (shown in the bottom row). 🔷Volume / Liquid Units (how much liquid something holds) 🔹Fluid ounce (often written as fl oz) A small amount of liquid. There are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup. Example: A small medicine dose or a shot glass. The picture shows measuring tools labeled in fluid ounces. Approximate metric: 1 fluid ounce ≈ 30 milliliters. 🔹Pint Two cups or 16 fluid ounces. Example: A common size for a glass of beer (shown in the picture). Approximate metric: 1 pint ≈ 473 milliliters (almost half a liter). 🔹Gallon A large container: 4 quarts or 8 pints (128 fluid ounces). Example: Milk, water, or gasoline is often sold in gallon jugs (shown in the picture). Approximate metric: 1 gallon ≈ 3.8 liters. 🔹Volume is the general word for how much space a liquid (or solid) takes up. We measure volume with measuring cups, jugs, or graduated cylinders (shown in the bottom right). Quick Summary: ▫️Inch Type: Length Common Everyday Use: Phone size, height of a person Approx. Metric Equivalent: 2.5 cm ▫️Foot Type: Length Common Everyday Use: Room size, height Approx. Metric Equivalent: 30 cm ▫️Yard Type: Length Common Everyday Use: Fabric, football field Approx. Metric Equivalent: 0.9 m ▫️Mile Type: Length Common Everyday Use: Driving or walking distance Approx. Metric Equivalent: 1.6 km ▫️Fluid ounce Type: Volume Common Everyday Use: Small drinks, medicine Approx. Metric Equivalent: 30 ml ▫️Pint Type: Volume Common Everyday Use: Beer, milk Approx. Metric Equivalent: 473 ml ▫️Gallon Type: Volume Common Everyday Use: Large milk/water jugs, gas Approx. Metric Equivalent: 3.8 L ✍️Extra Tips✍️ 🔸In the U.S., people still use these units every day (recipes, road signs, body height/weight). In science and most of the world, metric is preferred. 🔸Be careful with “ounce”: there is also a weight ounce (for solid things like cheese). The picture shows the fluid ounce for liquids. 🔸Practice saying the plurals: inches, feet (not “foots”), yards, miles, fluid ounces, pints, gallons. 🔸Useful phrases: “How long is it?” → length “How much liquid is there?” → volume