Investor guiding leaders of leaders to innovate impacts for higher ROI: clarify valuable outcomes & act. We've been promoted again, again & again: Championship!
Miami native/Austin transplant
Joined October 2008
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Manifesting intention means to choose & act, yet:
"If you don't know where you are going, any road will get you there." – Lewis Carroll
“If you don't know where you are going,
you'll end up someplace else.” – Yogi Berra
All better worlds require your choice & action.
Giddyup!
Rob Hanna retweeted
Many people have asked me recently: Can exercising skeletal muscle oxidize exogenous lactate?
Yes. Human isotope-tracer evidence demonstrated it 27 years ago.
This figure distinguishes two measurements:
🅰️ Oral lactate → whole-body oxidation during exercise.
Péronnet et al. (1997) and Azevedo et al. (2007) traced ingested lactate carbon into exhaled CO₂ during cycling. This demonstrates whole-body oxidation which is the same approach widely used to study ingested glucose, but does not identify which organs oxidized it.
🅱️ Infused lactate tracer → oxidation in exercising skeletal muscle.
Bergman et al. (1999), from George Brooks’s laboratory, measured lactate oxidation specifically in the active legs during cycling. Exercising limbs accounted for approximately 70% of whole-body lactate oxidation under those exercising conditions. I am surprised that this article which has almost 500 citations is not well know as it is a classic in lactate metabolism.
For comparison, to my knowledge, no equivalent human exercise study has directly quantified what fraction of orally ingested glucose is oxidized specifically within skeletal muscle using tracers. Whole-body tracer measurements alone cannot tell us how much occurs in muscle versus the liver, heart, brain, or other tissues.
We reasonably infer that active muscle makes a substantial contribution, supported by its glucose uptake, blood flow, and energy demand. But inference and direct measurement are different levels of evidence.
It’s fair to ask exactly where an ingested substrate is oxidized and in what proportion. Those questions apply to both glucose and lactate.
But uncertainty about the muscle-specific fate of an oral dose must not be confused with uncertainty about whether exercising muscle can oxidize circulating lactate. Bergman and colleagues directly demonstrated that it can.
The evidence should be scrutinized and the published findings must be addressed before making categorical claims that skeletal muscle cannot oxidize lactate.
📚 Péronnet et al. J Appl Physiol. 1997;82:440–446.
📚 Azevedo et al. PLoS ONE. 2007;2:e927.
📚 Bergman et al. J Appl Physiol. 1999;87:1684–1696.
#Lactate #ExercisePhysiology #SkeletalMuscle #Metabolism #SportsScience
🤖 Made with AI
Rob Hanna retweeted
Amazing autumn ride into the sunset in the land of the Basques 🍂
With this environment mitochondria and mental health are always happy.
Exercise is such a wonderful thing for your busy and soul 🙌
Rob Hanna retweeted
Complete Glucose Oxidation ⚡
An extraordinary masterpiece of cellular machinery. Essential for cellular survival, health and athletic performance, yet potentially devastating to our health when it malfunctions.
The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) and mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex (mLOC) will be highly studied in the next decade as they are central to understand glucose metabolism and cellular dysregulations in diseases like diabetes, cancer or Alzheimer’s.
*For endocrinologists working with T2D patients please understand these mechanisms. They are key to understand and manage diabetes. This can be done today already.
Rob Hanna retweeted
We need a new Renaissance
I haven’t written a Substack article here for a while.
Part of it was life. Part of it was work. But mostly, I needed time to think about something that has been bothering me for a long time.
Why does it feel like we are becoming more capable, more connected, more technologically powerful… and yet somehow less bold, less creative, less multidimensional, less willing to question, to imagine, to dare?
That question became this essay:
We Need a New Renaissance
It is about being bold, creative, mediocrity, science, universities, AI, Leonardo, Florence, the Medici, and ultimately about us.
About how the Industrial Revolution helped fragment knowledge into specialties.
About how our institutions often reward conformity over courage.
About how AI could become either one of the greatest threats to humanity or one of the greatest tools we have ever created to recover it.
And about why I believe the next Renaissance will not be about machines becoming more human. It will be about how the machines we created can help us remembering how extraordinary humans can be and enhance our humanity to levels we have never seen.
I finally wrote it.
inigosanmillan.substack.com/…
🤖 Made with AI
Rob Hanna retweeted
This billboard wasn’t allowed in public incase it offended anyone so please do not repost it. Thanks.
Rob Hanna retweeted
WHAT IS ZONE 2?
I would like to condense 30 years of work and research in muscle physiology, metabolism, and bioenergetics into how I understand and describe Zone 2 from a bioenergetic perspective.
I have explained these concepts many times over the years in podcasts, interviews, lectures and posts, but I have never tried to bring the entire metabolic story together visually.
So here it is: 30 years of work and research condensed into five slides, in an AI-produced carousel that I guided scientifically, concept by concept.
For me, Zone 2 is not simply a heart rate, power output, pace or lactate number…It is a METABOLIC STATE.
It is the intensity at which mitochondrial and bioenergetic demand is the highest, while the cell can still maintain METABOLIC EQUILIBRIUM.
And when that equilibrium begins to break, we start moving away from Zone 2 and into what I describe as METABOLIC DRIFT
This carousel is my attempt to explain my vision of what Zone 2 represents at the biochemical and bioenergetic level.
Identifying where your Zone 2 is can help targeting these cellular and mitochondrial adaptations.
#zone2 #metabolicequilibrium #MetabolicDrift
🤖 Made with AI
Rob Hanna retweeted
VO₂max is quite important. However, it doesn’t tell the whole story…
VO₂max is one of our most powerful markers of cardiorespiratory fitness, integrating the ability of the lungs, heart, circulation and muscles to deliver and use oxygen.
But ultimately, oxygen has to reach the cell and mitochondria, where metabolism and energy production happen.
Exercise profoundly adapts mitochondrial function, oxidative capacity, substrate utilization, metabolic flexibility and lactate metabolism.
I have spent much of my career studying lactate and cellular bioenergetics. Lactate is not a waste product: it is a major fuel and signaling molecule, and its kinetics provide an indirect window into what is happening at the mitochondrial level. Lactate is a great proxy for mitochondrial function.
Also, Increased lactate clearance capacity is associated with greater mitochondrial content and oxidative capacity.
VO₂max and Lactate are complementary, not competing parameters.
#VO2max #Lactate #Mitochondria #MetabolicHealth Longevity
🤖 Made with AI
Rob Hanna retweeted
So no matter what we do, we keep rediscovering the Orthodox diet (~210 vegan days).
The common mistake is to ignore intermittence (under convex effects).
See works with @mathoncbro on frequency rather than composition.
Less protein, more lifespan!
A comprehensive review of the merits of protein restriction for healthy aging
A flip from the proteinmaxxing craze
"cell.com/cell-press-blue/ful…
Rob Hanna retweeted
On Saturday, my children and I would go to the local running and biking trail and hand out water and bars.
People were suspicious.
They'd ask "how much does it cost?" We'd say free. Then they'd ask what cause it was for. We'd say none. At this point they'd be stupefied. There must be a catch. There was no catch.
The suspicion is an appendage of a culture that prioritizes status and money. The more selfless the act looks, the harder they search for the hidden angle.
I was experimenting as a father how to teach virtue. The value of helping someone without agenda or the need to get something back.
There is science to this. It's called the overjustification effect. Give a toddler a reward for helping and afterward they help less. The reward replaces the instinct. By attaching a payoff to a good deed, you corrode the good deed.
Children are born with the instinct to help before anyone rewards them. By age two they are happier giving a treat away than receiving one, and happiest when the treat they give up is their own.
It also causes moral elevation. Watching someone help others lifts the people who are watching and makes them want to do so themselves.
Rob Hanna retweeted
🚨 🔬RIGHT OUT OF THE OVEN!. Our last study published today!.
Even in apparently healthy people, sedentarism was associated with a major impairment in mitochondrial function.
We used skeletal muscle biopsies, high-resolution mitochondrial respirometry, metabolomics, proteomics, targeted mitochondrial lipidomics including cardiolipin analysis, ROS assessment and ¹³C tracer-based oxidation flux analyses to examine how sedentarism affects mitochondrial function, substrate oxidation and cellular fuel metabolism.
1) One of the key findings was an almost 50% reduction in MPC1 (the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier) that allows pyruvate to enter the mitochondria and be oxidized.
Our data suggests that glucose dysregulation could happen at the mitochondrial level, years before insulin resistance happens at the surface level, leading to type 2 diabetes. I call this an "inside-out" theory of glucose dysregulation.
2) The second important finding is that we can also correlate the mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic flexibility and decrease in MPC1 with cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) plus lactate testing, which I call "CPELT" -cardiopulmonary exercise lactate testing. With this test we could indirectly assess in a non-invasive way, mitochondrial dysfunction in healthy people years before metabolic disease shows up and intervene with specific exercise prescription and nutrition.
Link to the study here!👇
mdpi.com/3042-5158/2/3/10
#Mitochondria #MetabolicHealth #PhysicalActivity #Sedentarism #MPC1 #Metabolism #Healthspan #Longevity #DiabetesPrevention #HealthyAging
Rob Hanna retweeted
What a season. I am so proud of the whole club.
Best of luck to the 4 players-off teams.
To every single person who has visited us this season from me Shelley & our team can i say a heartfelt thank you. You really are the best
Enjoy your summer reds.
Up the beautiful town❤️
Rob Hanna retweeted
This is remarkable. It is n=1 study but with potentially great insights.
Thanks for sharing.
🚨 I HAVE NO MICROPLASTICS IN MY BALLS 🚨
This should not be possible.
Studies show that 100% of men have microplastics in their semen. I am the first human ever to show a complete reduction to zero.
This may be a world-first breakthrough in fertility research.
I had 165 microplastic particles in my semen just 18 months ago. Now, I have zero.
Five published studies have measured microplastics in human semen. Two found them in 100% of men. The other three found then in 44 to 76% of men tested, but those used methods that miss the smallest particles and the clear ones. Corrected for that, the real rate is likely 100%. Almost every man alive has plastic in his semen right now. The same applies to testicular tissue, testing 100% positive for microplastics.
Microplastics hurt sperm.
Human studies show the impact of various types of plastic, associated chemicals, and other toxins on male fertility:
+ 60% fewer normal shaped sperm (from PFAS)
+ 5x higher odds of low sperm count (from PTFE)
+ 10% lower sperm concentration (from PTFE)
+ 15% lower swimming ability (from PTFE)
+ 41% lower swimming ability (from PET)
+ 12% lower sperm swimming ability (from BPA)
+ 3x higher odds of low sperm count (from Phthalates)
+ 2x higher odds of poor swimming (from Phthalates)
The effects compound: each extra type of plastic drops sperm swimming ability by about 21%.
This matters even if you’re NOT trying to get pregnant.
Sperm count is one of the cleanest biomarkers of overall health we have. And microplastics don't stop at the testes.
The same particles are showing up everywhere we look. Studies show 4.5x higher rate of heart attack, stroke, and death in people with microplastics in their arterial plaque vs. those without. Microplastics were also found in 100% of human placentas tested.
100% of post-mortem human brains tested positive for microplastics. Brain concentrations rose ~50% between 2016 and 2024, and now sit at roughly 11x the levels found in the liver or kidney.
Where do these come from?
+ PTFE, commonly in non-stick pans
+ PET, water bottles
+ Phthalates, makes plastic soft and bendy
+ BPA, can linings
+ PFAS, stain-resistant fabrics & food packaging
Inside the body, plastic causes a kind of cellular rust. It triggers inflammation in the testicles, kills the cells that make sperm and drops testosterone. It's been confirmed across 39 animal and cell studies, then in human data.
MY PROTOCOL:
Note, what I did is n=1, not a controlled trial, I cannot prove cause.
1. Sauna (dry). My toxin blood panel confirms sauna clears plastic related chemicals: BPA, phthalates, PFAS, flame retardants, pesticides. The plastic particles themselves are too big to sweat out directly. Heat may activate other clearance routes: bile flow through the liver, the cell's internal cleanup system, and the gut barrier. Humans have almost no enzymes that can break plastic apart, so the body has to physically push it out.
2. Reverse osmosis water filter. Drinking water is likely a major source of microplastic getting into your body. A reverse osmosis filter pushes water through a very tight membrane and strains the particles out. I filter everything I drink.
3. Trying to rid my environment of the big plastic items: cutting boards, cups, plates, food storage containers, non-stick pans, cling wrap, tea bags, water bottles, kitchen utensils, kettles, and synthetic clothing. Note, as hard as I try, I'm always finding new plastic things in my life. This can be all-consuming thing so try to just knock out the big ones.
I did all three interventions at the same time. I cannot say which one did the most work. What I can say is this: going from 165 to zero in 18 months is possible.
Results:
Nov 2024: 165 particles/mL
Jul 2025: 20 particles/mL
Apr 2026: 0 particles/mL
The 18 month window also captures roughly 7 full spermatogenesis cycles.
Rob Hanna retweeted
🚨The updated Metabolic Map.
Yesterday I said the Metabolic Map I proposed in 2013 needed to evolve. That map helped me and others translate complex laboratory findings into practical guidance for training and performance.
Today I’m sharing the updated model.
In my view, this represents a shift in how we should understand exercise metabolism.
For over two decades, I focused on what the body burns, fat vs carbohydrates, and how lactate serves as a powerful proxy of that process.
After many years of working with world-class athletes, patients and laboratory research, my view is clearer: exercise metabolism is a continuum of metabolic states, defined by the relationship between glycolysis and mitochondrial capacity.
From equilibrium to drift to overload.
Lactate is the signal of where the system stands, and how we can track metabolism across all exercise intensities.
Full article: substack.com/@inigosanmillan…
Rob Hanna retweeted
We’re close to the 11th hour for you all to stop complying:
Phone and internet essential use only
Stop buying from multinationals
Stop voting
Turn the tv off
We can turn the tide in 10 days
Hey @grok
Please respond 👇🏻
Wrexham's community uplift, driven by club success and global fame, added significant economic value: tourism spend rose £45m (to £180m vs. £135m in 2019), far outpacing UK averages. This spurred local business growth, job creation (e.g., 3,000+ projected from developments), and £160m in regional investments. It bolsters club branding and revenue indirectly via heightened community pride and support. (Sources: Business Leader UK, club impact reports)
Up the Town!
#wrexham
@Wrexham_AFC
