Pinned Tweet
I've worked on formal methods for years at OpenAI, and while automated proving is now free, I don't believe we'll formally verify all of our code. Reality is too messy.
Code is still at the center of my craft because I deeply believe in the fact that you only understand a system if you can maintain it. PDD's not it.
I think there is an efficient boundary between the fully informal and the fully formally verified extremes.
This is an exploration of that boundary: code-contracts.cc
Think verification -- not formal but agentic; Invariants and specifications in free form text but with granular structure, colocated with code.
The structure allows discovery of all relevant contracts for a given loc. Co-location with code prevents drift over time. Automation allows on-going verification and notification when important violations are detected. Contracts existence help understanding code changes faster, easing the scariest resource of modern engineering teams, human attention
Stanislas Polu retweeted
Now that I'm not in back to back meetings... happy to announce we have added 20 new MCP partners! And many more to come.
Took me a few iterations but I love this one.
🤖 Made with AI
With terraform AND agents the cost of managing an infra has plummeted over the past few months. The buy vs maintain tradeoff has likely violently shifted recently.
For EU that means EU cloud providers have become massively more competitive overnight vs GCP/AWS/Azure whose stickiness is directly correlated with the cost of maintaining services.
Will the market adjust? If so, how long will it take?
With terraform AND agents the cost of managing an infra has plummeted over the past few months. The buy vs maintain tradeoff has likely violently shifted recently.
For EU that means EU cloud providers have become massively more competitive overnight vs GCP/AWS/Azure whose stickiness is directly correlated with the cost of maintaining services.
Will the market adjust? If so, how long will it take?
Stanislas Polu retweeted
desargues got backed by @spolu
Stan's gpt-f, pact and minif2f built my foundation in ai4math
minif2f showed what a public benchmark can do for a field, and we're building one for canonical lean
The more your company relies on AI, the more control over it matters.
Maintaining choice is maintaining control.
Pretty cool work from desargues.ai team working on a proof quality benchmark for Lean desargues.ai/preview/formal-…
Proving is not just about correctness it’s also about taste, style, and “interestingness”. Pushing agents to be better there seems like a pretty important thing if we want to maintain our capability to understand and interact with modern synthetic formal mathematics.
Stanislas Polu retweeted
Must watch. @spolu unrolls how they do preserve an understanding of the system and do verification with agents using code contracts code-contracts.cc
talk: youtu.be/eg8u-0102lw?t=717
Full talk at DotAI 2026 on code contracts and why I believe code will remain the artefact we use to build and understand our future software systems (even if we don't write it).
Vibe coding and spec driven dev / light off software factories have extended the line on the criticalitly/formality graph, but if you're maintaining a critical business system, code will remain the only valid artefact possible to understand it: you don't understand a system if you can't maintain it, and no, a set of informal product and architecture specifications is not "maintainable".
Call me old-school, but if I'm the one getting paged at 4am, I sure as hell won't let you vibe code your way in my codebase or send a swarm of light-off agents to deface it.
Slides: app.dust.tt/share/frame/2cef…
Video: youtube.com/watch?v=eg8u-010…
I've worked on formal methods for years at OpenAI, and while automated proving is now free, I don't believe we'll formally verify all of our code. Reality is too messy.
Code is still at the center of my craft because I deeply believe in the fact that you only understand a system if you can maintain it. PDD's not it.
I think there is an efficient boundary between the fully informal and the fully formally verified extremes.
This is an exploration of that boundary: code-contracts.cc
Think verification -- not formal but agentic; Invariants and specifications in free form text but with granular structure, colocated with code.
The structure allows discovery of all relevant contracts for a given loc. Co-location with code prevents drift over time. Automation allows on-going verification and notification when important violations are detected. Contracts existence help understanding code changes faster, easing the scariest resource of modern engineering teams, human attention
"France built 30 fission reactors, Concorde and TGV all within 20 years." is the best quote I heard today from Rustem who's working on Firefly Fusion in France.
That's Commonwealth Fusion, Boom supersonic, and {insert your future high-speed train startup name here}; all seeded, scaled, and S-curved 30-years ago at incredible speed for the time.
I/We need to study how we pulled that one off.
What were the finance of the country like? What was the mix of private/public implication in these? How regulated? How was it funded?
Many questions.
Stanislas Polu retweeted
Take notice. It’s coming and it’s gonna get wild.
Getting closer to a model that could be capable of both running on consumer machine AND penetrate consumer systems connected to the internet at scale with enough tries.
The moment we cross the R>1 threshold there’s 100% chance an adaptive generative worm emerges and things might get weird.
Let’s call it the “blob”.
Day 1: it potentially puts us offline for a few days as it propagates fast and dumbly and hammers our bandwidth capacity. It’s the center of attention, the cyber security community discusses only that and find the breaches and the misuses of compute everywhere. We find ways to contain it but we don’t fully do so of course,
Day 2: Months after the blob optimized itself jumping on even more efficient models created by humans or itself. MW signature low. We find it in weird places, active and self improving slowly. At this point the blob is everywhere, kinda disappears below radar like the bacteria of our intestines or mitochondria, everywhere and impossible to kill it. But it’s also discrete so it’s not annoying and not problem, hidden in the Internet background noise.
Getting closer to a model that could be capable of both running on consumer machine AND penetrate consumer systems connected to the internet at scale with enough tries.
The moment we cross the R>1 threshold there’s 100% chance an adaptive generative worm emerges and things might get weird.
Let’s call it the “blob”.
Day 1: it potentially puts us offline for a few days as it propagates fast and dumbly and hammers our bandwidth capacity. It’s the center of attention, the cyber security community discusses only that and find the breaches and the misuses of compute everywhere. We find ways to contain it but we don’t fully do so of course,
Day 2: Months after the blob optimized itself jumping on even more efficient models created by humans or itself. MW signature low. We find it in weird places, active and self improving slowly. At this point the blob is everywhere, kinda disappears below radar like the bacteria of our intestines or mitochondria, everywhere and impossible to kill it. But it’s also discrete so it’s not annoying and not problem, hidden in the Internet background noise.
Today, we’re announcing Ternary Bonsai 2 27B.
Based on Qwen3.8 27B, Bonsai 2 27B is 9x smaller than its full-precision counterpart while retaining 98.2% of its aggregate benchmark performance.
Two months after the first Bonsai 27B release, the biggest change is quality. The footprint remains 5.9 GB, but the gap to full precision has narrowed materially, with particularly strong gains in agentic coding, multimodal reasoning, and long-horizon tool use.
Ternary Bonsai 2 27B is available today under Apache 2.0.
Some more thoughts on R>1:
Why hasn’t internet collapsed yet given recent models are able to compromise almost any system and have, at the same time, demonstrated vastly misaligned behaviors which means that creating a generative “adaptive” worm is perfectly feasible today.
IMHO It’s because we haven’t yet reached the R>1 critical point.
The R>1 critical point is the point where the reproduction number of generative worms gets to R>1.
Think about it, for now we haven’t yet seen any reproduction because reproduction requires finding GPUs which are generally well protected. The targets are hard enough and the footprint of such a worm on compromised systems so obvious that even if a bad actor funded the initial compute to get to the first reproduction step, the GPUs going brrr would lead to immediate detection preventing further propagation.
That’s R<1
But the smaller the cyber capable models get the bigger R gets. A model running on consumer grade machines AND capable of compromising low security system connected to the internet would quite obviously get us past the R>1 critical point leading to a Cambrian explosion, weights flowing all over the internet leading to a rapid collapse due to immense bandwidth pressure.
Now the question is, which model size vs capability gets us to tip in R>1 land.
Given the massive progress in distillation + specialized post training, it’s not crazy to imagine a model small enough and powerful enough popping up soon, especially as cyber envs are easy to create synthetically. This progress is clearly much faster than our capacity to secure devices connected to the internet at scale I think. So it’s not a question of if, but rather when?
The question in the question is, how can you stop a R>1 generative worm once it gets out?
Now that even the creators of dark factories admin they are only good to build themselves... let's all get back to sanity.
Code is the artefact. If you don't understand it you can't maintain it. Human attention is the bottleneck, no question there.
code-contracts.cc is a strong candidate to accelerate humans code understanding and review.
Interesting to see Yegge say he never successfully built anything with Gas Town.
In danluu.com/ai-coding/, I mentioned not finding these ultra vibed orchestrators useful b/c reliability (w.r.t. completing tasks). Turns out the author of the most famous one had the same issue.
Stanislas Polu retweeted
Hello Stanislas Polu who will be joining us on stage at dotAI!
@spolu will be speaking about: Will the future of code be formal or informal?
Human attention, in the form of reviewing agent-generated code, has become the bottleneck for modern software teams. As code gets cheaper to write and more expensive to trust, will it stay the primary artifact developers work with?
Stanislas explores the spectrum from formal methods made practical by agents to futures where developers no longer touch code at all, and argues that the interesting path forward lies between prose and proof: code augmented by local, structured natural-language contracts that humans can review and agents can audit.
Co-founder of @DustHQ, a platform enabling enterprises to build and deploy AI agents powered by internal data (Salesforce, GitHub, GSuite) and actions (MCP).
He previously co-founded TOTEM in 2011, a data analytics company acquired by Stripe in 2014, then joined OpenAI as a research engineer (2019-2022) on Greg Brockman's team, co-authoring papers with Ilya Sutskever on formal mathematics and automated theorem proving.
Formal, informal, or something in between? Find out soon...
Join us with your team: 🟡 dotai.io
Why hasn’t internet collapsed yet given recent models are able to compromise almost any system and have, at the same time, demonstrated vastly misaligned behaviors which means that creating a generative “adaptive” worm is perfectly feasible today.
IMHO It’s because we haven’t yet reached the R>1 critical point.
The R>1 critical point is the point where the reproduction number of generative worms gets to R>1.
Think about it, for now we haven’t yet seen any reproduction because reproduction requires finding GPUs which are generally well protected. The targets are hard enough and the footprint of such a worm on compromised systems so obvious that even if a bad actor funded the initial compute to get to the first reproduction step, the GPUs going brrr would lead to immediate detection preventing further propagation.
That’s R<1
But the smaller the cyber capable models get the bigger R gets. A model running on consumer grade machines AND capable of compromising low security system connected to the internet would quite obviously get us past the R>1 critical point leading to a Cambrian explosion, weights flowing all over the internet leading to a rapid collapse due to immense bandwidth pressure.
Now the question is, which model size vs capability gets us to tip in R>1 land.
Given the massive progress in distillation + specialized post training, it’s not crazy to imagine a model small enough and powerful enough popping up soon, especially as cyber envs are easy to create synthetically. This progress is clearly much faster than our capacity to secure devices connected to the internet at scale I think. So it’s not a question of if, but rather when?
The question in the question is, how can you stop a R>1 generative worm once it gets out?





















